By Julius AyukTabe
I was going to title this article “What do Anglophone Cameroonians want?” To avoid any confusion of identity with those who simplify being Anglophone in Cameroon as being able to speak English, I want to be clear that the revendications in Cameroon centre on a people who originate from a specific geographical region. This region was known as British Southern Cameroons.
In this article, any further mention of Anglophone should be related to people from the then British Southern Cameroons or from West Cameroon, as opposed to anyone from the Republic of Cameroon who can express himself or herself in English. The identity issue is foremost in this struggle. Identity is far more than language. With Identity comes language, values, governance, culture, and a way of life. In these aspects, the two peoples in today’s Republic of Cameroon (British Southern Cameroons and the Republic of Cameroun) have fundamental differences. The struggle in Cameroon by the people of Southern Cameroons is not only because the other side is not recognizing its system and abiding by the cohabitation principles laid out in 1961, but the fact that the Republic of Cameroun is completely annexing the British Southern Cameroons, wiping away any signs of its heritage and forcing its people to become the people of the Republic of Cameroun.
Twenty seventeen offers us a ray of hope, beckoning in the horizon. Our people now have another golden opportunity to decide to divorce from the Republic of Cameroun or to stay in this marriage of convenience and keep complaining. Insanity is doing the same thing and expecting different results. If we do today what our leaders did in 1961 and 1972 then our children, grand children and great-grand children will most likely get in 2083 and 2100 what we have now. The opportunity of this critical juncture cannot be missed!
The world is silent as the time-bomb in Cameroon is ticking to the point of explosion. Even people in neighbouring Nigeria do not seem to know what is happening next door. Hardly does one turn on the TV or the pages of the Nigerian newspapers and hear or read anything about Cameroon, in spite of the over 1,500 km land-border that the two countries share. Nigeria has an embassy and two consular officesin Cameroon (Yaoundé, Douala, and Buea). Similarly, Cameroon has an embassy in Abuja, a consular office in Lagos and another in Calabar. Estimates put the number of Nigerians living in Cameroon attwo million. What happens in Nigeria has a direct or indirect impact in Cameroon and vice versa. The case of BH is glaring for all to see. For many people in the world, Cameroon is a country in peace. We should note that peace is not the absence of war. Behind the seeming peace in Cameroon, is a growing Anglophone problem; discrimination, marginalisation and almost outright enslavement. This is happening while the world watches in silence. Unfortunately, such problems only come to the limelight when there are strikes, riots, and killings.
Today Monday, January 9, 2017, the situation in the English speaking part of Cameroon (British Southern Cameroons) can only be described as totally dead. The entire Anglophone Cameroon is like a ghost town. Reports reaching us say that from Ekok and Otu at the southern border with Nigeria, to Afab, Ewelle, Kembong, Mamfe, Batchuo, Bakebe, Tinto, Sumbe, Kumba, Ekondo-titi, Mundemba, Muyuka, Buea, Limbe (Victoria), Tiko, Bamenda, Bali, Wum, Ndop, Kumbo, Nkambe, and Menchum, everything is at a standstill. There is no movement of people, bikes, or vehicles. This is in complete obedience to a sit-in strike called by the Teachers’ Trade Union and the Common-Law Lawyers, following an impasse at the close of last year. This response is even more significant considering that the government of Cameroon over the weekend deployed ministers and senior administrators to the region, to meet with chiefs and other stakeholders to lobby to abort the strike
In their “quiet” action, the Anglophones have spoken clearly and loudly to the authorities in Yaoundé. There is an Anglophone problem in Cameroon. It should be looked into very carefully and profound solutions sought or the people are left with no alternative than to go their own way. If a marriage cannot work, then divorce becomes inevitable.
Today in Cameroon, we have a situation where teachers of French origin and expression are transferred to the English-speaking part of the country to teach subjects like Biology, Chemistry, Geography, History, and Physics. When I was a child, the only French teachers we had taught us French as a language, which we reluctantly learned. Today, students who study technical education at the secondary schools are taught a curriculum that is fundamentally French in nature. As if this is not bad enough, when they complete their studies and have to write the final exams, they write an exam which is set in French. After complaining for many years, the government decided to translate the exams into English and we have ended up now with a situation where a student of Mechanics could see a question set in French as “Quelestle rôle de la bougie dans une voiture?” translated as “what is the role of a candle in a car?” While this translation is verbatim-correct, it is nonsensical in context because of the wrong use of the word “candle” as a translation of “bougie”. The correct translation would have had “spark plug” instead of “candle”. Little wonder then that the Anglophone student will fail the exam even before he/she leaves the hall because the right questions were never asked.
The French legal system (Civil Law) is fundamentally different from the British (Common Law). The educational system in Cameroon today is such that students who go to university to study Law can either end up with a degree in Civil Law or in Common Law. However, there is only one school in Cameroon that trains magistrates and the curriculum of that school is based on the French Civil Law system. What this means is that all the magistrates in Cameroon have been prepared through the French Civil Law system and are expected to go to the English-speaking parts of the nation and adjudicate cases of the British Common Law order.
There is no Anglophone in any key position in the Supreme Court of the Republic of Cameroun. Of the 38 ministers with portfolio, only one is Anglophone. Today, there is no airport in Anglophone Cameroon, but there were three airstrips in this region in 1982. The natural deep-seaport in Cameroon is in Victoria in the Anglophone region. It has literally been abandoned in preference to one in Douala, in the Francophone part, which has to be dredged continuously. The only oil refinery in Cameroon is located in the Anglophone part but its taxes are paid to a region in the Francophone part. Over 90 percent of the workers at the oil refinery, from the guards at the gate to the General Manager are Francophones. After a lot of pressure from the Anglophones, the government has been reluctantly creatingtertiary education centres in the Anglophone region,but fills them with students of Francophone origin. The latest was the admission into the School of Sports of the University of Bamenda, in the Anglophone part, to which less than five percent of the students are Anglophones. In a class of about 250 students in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Buea, less than 50 are Anglophones. The situation in the Faculty of Health Sciences at this university is even worse.
To better understand what the Anglophone Cameroonians want, let us take a walk down memory lane and see where they are coming from, whythey are here andwhere they are going to. This unfortunate situation of Cameroon started in 1919 at the end of WW1. Before 1919, Kamerun, as it was known was a German territory. After the war in which the French, British, and Belgian forces defeated the Germans, the spoils of war were sharedbetween France and Britain. This was ratified in the treaty of Versailles. In that agreement, Eastern Cameroon was given to France and Western Cameroon was given to Britain, as Trust territories. The British government took their part, known as the British Cameroons, and added it to the Republic of Nigeria. Before being attached to Nigeria, Western Cameroon was further divided for administrative convenience into two: Northern British Cameroons and Southern British Cameroons. The Northern British Cameroons was administered as part of Northern Nigeria and the Southern British Cameroons as part of Southern Nigeria.
In 1954, Southern British Cameroons became a self-governing territory, following s the declaration of benevolent neutrality in the Eastern Nigeria House of Assembly. It had a governance structure with a Legislature, Judiciary, House of Chiefs and an executive branch headed by a Prime Minister. They built the Prime Minister’s lodge which still stands tall to this day in Buea. They set up democratic institutions in the region and the people there participated actively in a democratic political system. In 1959 multiparty elections were held in the Southern British Cameroons and the opposition party candidate, John Ngu Foncha won and became Prime Minister, replacing Dr EML Endeley. A peaceful democratic transfer of power happened in Africa in 1959! Where did we go wrong?
The unasked options that led to a very unhealthy marriage
On January 1, 1960, French Cameroun got her independence from France and named itself the Republic of Cameroun. On October 1960, ten months after the Republic of Cameroun, Nigeria got her independence from Britain and became the Federal Republic of Nigeria. In February 1961, a plebiscite was organized in which the people of British Cameroons (both South and North) were asked to choose whether they wanted to achieve independence by joining the already independent Republic of Cameroun or join the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The people of Northern British Cameroons (part of Northeast Nigeria today) voted overwhelmingly to remain part of Nigeria while the majority of the people of Southern British Cameroons (today’s Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon) voted to join the Republic of Cameroun in a loose confederation. The unasked option is “whether any of the British Cameroons wanted to be an independent nation”. This option would have been in order, considering that the British Southern Cameroons have a land size of about 43,000 km², slightly larger than the 41,543 km² of the Netherlands, with a population of about eight million, more than that of Paraguay.
From July 17th to 21st1961, the first president of the new Republic, Ahmadou Ahidjo, organized a conference in Foumban to draw up a charter for a Two-State system within a federal political arrangement. After the Foumban conference, on September 30, 1961, President Ahidjo proclaimed into being the Federal Republic of Cameroon and the two states celebrated unification on October 1, 1961. From thence, Southern Cameroons was named West Cameroon and the Republic of Cameroun named East Cameroun. On May 20, 1972, in another master stroke, President Ahidjo out manoeuvred the people of Southern Cameroons in a stage-managed referendum and created the United Republic of Cameroon. In doing so, he changed the Southern Cameroons organisation that was before then divided into six regions (Mamfe, Kumba, Victoria, Bamenda, Wum, and Nkambe) into two Provinces of his United Republic: “South West” and “North West” Provinces. He divided East Cameroon into five provinces (Northern, Western, Littoral, Central South, and Eastern).
How long? Too long!
President Ahidjo ruled the United Republic of Cameroon until November 1982, when it is believed that his French doctor tricked him about his health, then he resigned and handed over power to his long-time associate and Prime Minister, Paul Biya. He remained as the President of the only political party at the time, the Cameroun National Union (CNU). It is also widely believed that in 1983 the two powerful men had a feud that led to the former President going into exile to France. In an earlier twist, in June of 1983, there was a coup attempt that was foiled. Ahidjo went into exile in July, and in August he announced that he was no longer the head of the CNU. In February 1984, Ahidjo was sentenced to death in absentia for his alleged participation in the failed coup. In April 1984 another violent coup was foiled and many believed that the former President had his hands in it. Ahidjo denied any involvement in any coup. The death sentence on President Ahidjo was later commuted to life imprisonment by President Biya. Later on Ahidjo moved to Senegal where, on November 30, 1989, he died of a heart attack in Dakar. In one of my trips to Senegal, I was truly sorry when I visited and stood beside the tombstone of the man who always coughed before his radio addresses and every Cameroonian stood still. I read the inscription on his tomb which translates to “Here lies the remains of Ahmadou Ahidjo, the former President of Cameroon”. How and where the mighty fall!
President Paul Biya has been ruling Cameroon since November 1982. Yes, 18 years before the 21st century, 17 years since and still counting… In 1984 he changed the name of the country from the “United Republic of Cameroon” back to the “Republic of Cameroon”. In the same stroke, he fractured the Northern province into three (Adamawa, North, and Far North). He met a single party in the country and reluctantly accepted multiparty democracy in the early 1990s, in which he won elections by just over 52 percent. In the last election in 2011, he won by 78 percent. When he took over power the Presidential term of office was without limit. He changed it to two terms of five years each, not counting all the years he had ruled before that date. He changed it again to two terms of seven years and in 2008 in another constitutional amendment, he eliminated the term limits altogether, making himself realistically President for life.
Over the years, most of the people that the presidents of the Republic of Cameroon have placed in key positions in the world’s greatest organizations are Francophones. These include those appointed to the United Nations and key countries, as Ambassadors and High Commissioners.
In this research, until 2008 all the Cameroonian Ambassadors to the UN, USA, UK, Nigeria, France, and Germany were Francophones. Till date only one Ambassador to these countries, the Cameroon High Commissioner to the UK, is Anglophone.
Cameroon Ambassadors/High Commissioners to Nigeria (All French-Speaking Cameroon):
- M HamanDicko – 1960 – 1966
- Hamadou Alim – 1966 – 1975
- MohamanYerimeLamine – 1975 – 1984
- SouaibouHayatou – 1984 – 1988
- Samuel Libock – 1988 – 1994
- Salaheddine Abbas Ibrahima – 2008 to date
Cameroon Ambassadors to the United Nations (All French-Speaking Cameroon):
- Ferdinand Oyono – 1974 to 1982
- Martin BelingaEboutou – 1998
- Anatole Marie Nkou – 2007
- Michel TommoMonthé – 2008
Cameroon Ambassadors to the United States of America (All French-Speaking Cameroon):
- Jacques Kuoh-Moukouri
- Joseph Owono – from 1970s
- Paul Pondi – from 1982 to 1993
- Joseph Bienvenu Charles Foe-Atangana
- H.E. ÉtoundiEssomba—current ambassador
Cameroon High Commissioners to the United Kingdom:
- Paul Pondi 1977
- Dr GiberingBol-alima
- NkwelleEkaney – 2008 (English Speaking) won the 2014 Best African Diplomat Award in the UK
Cameroon Ambassadors to France (All French-Speaking Cameroon):
- Ferdinand Oyono – from 1965 to 1968
- Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh – from 1983
- LejeuneMbellaMbella – over twenty years
- Samuel MvondoAyolo – from October 2015
Cameroon Ambassadors to Germany (All French-Speaking Cameroon):
- Jean-Baptiste Beleoken – 1970’s
- HE Holger Mahnicke
The Anglophone problem is real and must be addressed as a matter of urgency.
*Mr. AyukTabe, a Cameroonian Affairs analyst, wrote in from Cameroon.
